This module provides a fundamental foundation in the understanding of DC and AC circuits by reviewing the electrical characteristics of the components used in these circuits. These characteristics are realized when the electrical properties such as current, voltage, and resistance are discussed. Additionally, electrical properties such as inductance, capacitance, and impedance are discussed during the review of AC circuits. It is designed to provide the student with the basic understanding of electrical theory (power plant operation) through the discussion of electromagnetic induction and plant electrical equipment. As an added bonus, semiconductor theory involving diodes, SCRs, the three basic transistor configurations, and operational amplifiers is introduced. Combinations of these devices are present in many of the control circuits used today.

Day 1 - BASIC ELECTRICITY
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this section, the participant should be able to:

1. Describe the structure of an atom.
2. State the three characteristics of electrical charges.
3. List six major sources of electricity.
4. Explain what current, voltage, and resistance are.
5. Describe the way in which current, voltage, and resistance are.
6. Define the terms watt and watt-hour.
7. Describe the difference between a series circuit and a parallel circuit.
8. Explain how current, voltage, and resistance are calculated in series circuits and in parallel circuits.
9. Define electromagnetism.
10. Describe the effect of a changing magnetic field on a conductor.
11. Define induction.
12. Describe how a transformer is constructed.
13. Define self-induction.
14. Describe the characteristics of inductance.
15. Describe the parts of a typical inductor and explain what an inductor does.
16. Define capacitance.
17. Describe a typical capacitor and explain how a capacitor stores energy.
18. Explain the hazards associated with capacitors.

Day 2 - DC FUNDAMENTALS
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this section, the participant should be able to:

1. Name the electrical quantities represented by I, E, and R.
2. State Ohm's Law in words and as a formula.
3. Calculate the current, voltage, or resistance of a simple circuit when any two of the quantities are known.
4. Calculate the total resistance of a series circuit when its individual series resistances are known.
5. Calculate the resistance of a single series component when the total circuit resistance and the remaining series resistances are known.
6. State Kirchoff's Voltage Law.
7. Calculate the voltage drops across each component in a series circuit.
8. Calculate the current through a series circuit when a single resistance and its voltage drop are known.
9. State Kirchoff's Current Law.
10. Calculate the branch currents in a parallel circuit when the source voltage and the individual branch resistances are known.
11. Calculate the total resistance of a series-parallel circuit.
12. Calculate the voltage drops in a series-parallel circuit.
13. Calculate the branch currents in a series-parallel circuit.

Day 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF AC POWER
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this section, the participant should be able to:

1. Discuss the six characteristics of magnetic fields.
2. Discuss the four principles of magnetic fields.
3. Define reluctance.
4. State Faraday's Law.
5. Define peak value, average value, and effective value.
6. Explain the affect of resistance in an AC circuit.
7. Define inductance, inductive reactance, and explain the affect of an inductor in AC circuit.
8. Discuss the factors that affect capacitance.
9. Define capacitance, capacitive reactance, and explain the affect of aa capacitor in an AC circuit.
10. Discuss the factors that affect capacitance.
11. Define true power, reactive power, apparent power, and state the units for each.
12. Define power factor.
13. Use the power triangle to solve for unknown values of power.

Day 4 - ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this section, the participant should be able to:

1. Define the following terms: magnetic field, lines of force, magnetic flux and flux density.
2. State the direction of magnetic flux.
3. State how the direction of flux can be determined.
4. List four characteristics of magnetic fields.
5. Define the term "electromagnetic field."
6. State the circumstances under which two magnetic fields tend to reinforce each other.
7. State the circumstance under which two electromagnetic fields tend to cancel each other out.
8. Demonstrate the left-hand rule for current-carrying conductors.
9. Demonstrate the left-hand rule for coils.
10. Define the following terms: magnetomotive force, field intensity, permeability and saturation.
11. List three factors affecting the field strength of a coil.
12. Explain how core saturation limits the field strength of a coil.
13. Define "motor action."
14. Demonstrate the right-hand motor rule.
15. Explain how the right-hand motor rule applies to the rotary motion of an electric motor.
16. List the requirements for electromagnetic induction.
17. List the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced EMF.

Day 5 - PLANT ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this section, the participant should be able to:

1. Define bus, bus duct, bus section and isolated phase bus duct.
2. State the purpose of buses and bus ducts.
3. Identify types of bus arrangements.
4. Describe how several types of disconnects operate.
5. Identify and state the purpose of a transformer.
6. Identify the type of construction used most often in three-phase transformers.
7. Define the use of circuit breakers.
8. Define "trip free."
9. Identify the type of circuit breaker most often used in circuits of very high voltages and currents.
10. Discriminate between arcing contacts and load contacts.
11. Identify the function of solenoid, air, and stored energy mechanical circuit breaker operating mechanisms.
12. Explain the purpose of instrument transformers in system control.
13. Identify the operational principles of potential and current transformers.
14. Identify the values of standard low side voltage and current.
15. Explain the operation of potential and current transformers.
16. Identify and state the purpose of protective relays.

COURSE OUTLINE
Day 1

1. Introduction
2. Where Does Electricity Come From: Electricity and the Atom, Sources of Electricity
3. Basic Electrical Quantities: Current, Voltage, Resistance, Ohm?s Law, Power
4. Series and Parallel Circuits: Series Circuits, Parallel Circuits, Resistor Color Codes
5. Electromagnetism: Induction, Transformers
6. Inductance and Inductors: Self-Induction, Inductance, Inductors
7. Capacitance and Capacitors: Capacitance, Capacitors, Types of Capacitors, Hazards of Capacitors

Day 2

1. Introduction
2. Current
3. Voltage
4. Resistance
5. Ohm's Law: An Aid to Memory
6. Series Circuits: Series Resistances, Series Voltage Drops
7. Parallel Circuits: Parallel Branch Currents, Parallel Resistances
8. Series-Parallel Circuits: Resistance Strings in Parallel, Resistance Banks in Series

Day 3

1. Introduction: Charged Particle Motion, Characteristics of Magnetic Fields, Principles of Magnetic Fields, First Principle of Magnetic Fields, Ferromagnetic Cores, Second Principle of Magnetic fields, Third Principle of Magnetic Fields, Fourth Principle of Magnetic Fields.
2. AC Waveforms: Frequency, Peak Value, Average Value, Root-Mean-Square (RMS) or Effective Value
3. Phase Relationship: Phase Angle, Phase Angle Diagrams
4. Resistance in AC Circuits
5. Inductance in AC Circuits: Factors Affecting Inductance, Voltage and Current in an Inductive AC Circuit, Inductive Reactance
6. Capacitance in AC Circuits: Factors Affecting Capacitance, Voltage and Current in a Capacitive Circuit, Capacitive Reactance
7. Power in AC Circuits: True Power, Apparent Power Reactive Power, Power Factor, Power Triangle

Day 4

1. Introduction
2. Magnetism
3. Electromagnetism: the Electromagnetic Field Around a Straight Conductor, The Electromagnetic Field Around a Coil
4. Field Strength: Magnetomotive Force, Field Intensity, Flux Density
5. Motor Action
6. Generators
7. Transformers: Induction by an Alternating Electromagnetic Field

Day 5

1. Introduction: Definition and Purpose of Buses and Bus Ducts, Use of Buses, Bus Operating Voltages, Cooling of Buses and bus Ducts, Disconnects
2. Transformers: Need for Transformers, Purpose and Basic Principles of A Large Transformer, Types of Transformers, Transformer cooling, Cooling and Insulating Oil, Transformer Losses, Three-Phase Transformers, Large Power Transformers, Transformer Indicators and Controls
3. Circuit Breakers and Switchgear: General Explanation, Types of Circuit Breakers, Circuit Breaker Options
4. Switchgear and Protective Devices
5. Instrument Transformers: Need for Instrument Transformers, Potential Transformers, Measuring DC Volts and Amps, Current Transformers, Use of Multiple Current Transformers
6. Protective Relays: Definition and Purpose of Protective Relays, Induction type Relays, Protective Relay Schemes, Ground System Protection
7. Control Power: Power for the Power Plant, Power Sources for Essential Services, Essential Services Systems
8. Storage Batteries: Definition of Storage Battery, Uses of Storage Batteries in Power Plant, Principles of Operation, Construction of Storage Batteries, Construction of Storage Batteries, Battery Capacity, Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries, Battery Operation, Nickel-Iron-Alkaline Battery